Black Belt
DEVELOPMENT CLASSES
INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY
Hand-Out
2009
Archie Cuthbertson – Class Facilitator
Black Belt
DEVELOPMENT CLASSES
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
The Cell
The cell is the basic unit of construction of all living things with the exception of viruses. The basic structure of a cell is as follows:
PLASMA MEMBRANE
This is a semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, this means only small particles like water and oxygen molecules can pass through into and out of the cell.
CYTOPLASM
Cytosol is the fluid part of the cell, Cytoplasm has other structures suspended within the cell structure.
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
NUCLEUS
The largest structure within the cell and it is generally spherical. It contains information (genes), with determine the cellular structure and determination.
RIBOSOMES
These are mainly concerned with protein production
MITOCHONDRIA
These generate energy within the cell, known as the ‘Powerhouse of the cell.’
A cells functions are determined by the genetic material contained within the nucleus, and cells which have a different functions will have differing structures, allowing them to undertake their various roles.
In order to carry out their it’s individual function, every cell in the human body must be supplied with;
OXYGEN NUTRITION WATER
OXYGEN
This is essential for human life, most of the chemical activities that takes place within the body’s cells require the presence of oxygen.
NUTRITION
Food required by the cells in the form of carbohydrates (sugars), fats and protein, along with minerals and vitamins in order to produce energy, build and repair cells and provide raw materials for chemical synthesis.
WATER
Water is the medium for all chemical activity within the body. The human body is made up of 60% water.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
TISSUES
Body tissue is a combination of a large number of cells and intercellular material (Matrix), which functions together to perform a specialised activity.
There are four main types of tissue;
· EPITHELIAL TISSUE
· CONNECTIVE TISSUE
· NERVOUS TISSUE
· MUSCULAR TISSUE
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INTODUCTION TO THE BODY
TYPES OFCONNECTIVE TISSUE
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
The Body’s internal environment provides chemical substances produced by specialised cells. All living cells in the body are bathed in fluid called interstitial or tissue fluid. Oxygen, nutritional materials, chemicals produced by the body and waste products, pass through the interstitial fluid between the cells and the internal transportation systems. The composition of the internal environment is maintained within narrow limits, and this fairly constant state is called Homeostasis. Literally, this means ‘unchanging’, but in practice it describes a dynamic, ever-changing situation kept within narrow limits.
When this balance is threatened or lost, there is a serious risk to the well-being of the individual. There are many factors in the internal environment which must be maintained within narrow limits, including;
Temperature
Water & electrolyte concentration
Acidity (pH)
Glucose levels
Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide levels
Blood Pressure
Homeostasis is maintained by control systems which detect and respond to changes in the internal environment.
Ross & Wilson (Eighth Edition)
DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS
Diffusion
Diffusion is the process by which dissolved substances (solutes) cross semipermeable membranes, establishing equal concentration on both sides (Fig. 3.7). Diffusible substances are those with molecules of smaller size than the pores in the membrane. Molecules of water and those of solute are constantly in random motion, called Brownian movement. In this random fashion the molecules collide with the semipermeable membrane and some pass through. Establishing equilibrium is a slow process but is speeded up when the temperature is raised and when the concentration of solute is increased. By diffusion, solutes move from the high concentration side of the membrane to the low side, i.e. down the concentration gradient, and when equilibrium is established the solutions are isotonic. The walls of capillaries are semipermeable membranes.
Osmosis
Osmosis is the process of the transfer of water across a semipermeable membrane when equilibrium cannot be achieved by diffusion of solute molecules, i.e. when they are too large to pass through the pores. The force with which this occurs is called the osmotic pressure.
It would be easier to understand this phenomenon if osmotic pressure was considered as osmotic pull, because water crosses the semipermeable membrane from the side of low solute concentration to that of high concentration. By taking water away from the side of lower concentration its concentration increases, and by adding it to the high concentration solution its concentration is reduced. The process will continue until the concentrations on each side of the membrane are equal. When equilibrium is established the solutions are called isotonic. The strength of osmotic pressure depends on the difference between the ratio of water molecules to non-diffusible particles on the two sides of the membrane.
Osmosis is demonstrated in the following example: a dilute solution of gelatine and water is prepared and placed in a beaker on one side of a semipermeable membrane and a more concentrated solution is placed on the other side (Fig. 3.7). Water passes from the solution of lower concentration to the solution of higher concentration and the number of molecules of gelatine on each side remains unchanged.
The processes of diffusion and osmosis have been described separately, but within the body they occur at the same time.
Ross & Wilson (Eighth Edition)
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
CAVITIES OF THE BODY
· HEAD (CEPHALIC)
· THORAX
· ABDOMEN
· PELVIS
THE HEAD
· Cranium (Brain, Origins of the cranial nerves, inner/mid ears)
· Eyes and orbits
· Nasal cavities
· Oral cavities
· Major blood vessels
THORACIC CAVITY
· 1 Trachea
· 2 Bronchi
· 2 Lungs
· 1 Heart
· 1 Aorta
· 1 Superior Vena Cava
· 1 Inferior Vena Cava
· Number of other blood vessels
· 1 Oesophagus
· Lymph vessels
· Lymph nodes
· Nerves
MEDIASTIUM is the name given to the space between the lungs.
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INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
· Stomach
· Small Intestine
· Most of the large intestine
· Liver
· Gall Bladder
· Bile Ducts
· Pancreas
· Spleen
· Kidneys and upper part of the ureters
· Adrenal glands
· Numerous blood vessels, Lymph vessels and nerves
· Lymph Nodes
PELVIC CAVITY
· Pelvic colon
· Rectum and Anus
· Some loops of the small intestine
· Urinary bladder, lower parts of the ureters and urethra
· In the female – uterus, uterine tubes, overies and vagina
· In the male – prostrate gland, seminal vessels, spermatic cords, ejaculatory ducts and urethra.
INTRODUCTION TO THE BODY
SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
CARDIOVASCULAR RESPIRATORY
NERVOUS DIGESTIVE
SKELETAL URINARY
ENDOCRINE
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